Malária
Objetivos
No final desta unidade curricular os alunos devem ser capazes de: 1. Conhecer e executar algumas técnicas básicas para o estudo da malária em laboratório, seguindo o ciclo de vida do parasita no hospedeiro vertebrado e vector. 2. Aprofundar a natureza da relação entre o parasita e o hospedeiro humano bem como entre o parasita e o vector. 3. Reconhecer as diferentes áreas de interesse no estudo da malária e a sua atualidade. 4. Compreender, analisar e avaliar a aplicabilidade de algumas metodologias para o estudo e controlo da malária, através da interação com os investigadores do IHMT, convidados externos à instituição e pesquisa autónoma
Caracterização geral
Código
9512012
Créditos
2
Professor responsável
Fátima Nogueira
Horas
Semanais - 9
Totais - 24
Idioma de ensino
Português
Pré-requisitos
A frequência de 2/3 das aulas é obrigatória
Bibliografia
• Das D, Dahal P, Dhorda M, Citarella BW, Kennon K, Stepniewska K, Felger I, Chappuis F, Guerin PJ. A Systematic Literature Review of Microscopy Methods Reported in Malaria Clinical Trials. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Dec 21;104(3):83641. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1219. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33350371; PMCID: PMC7941839. • Dhorda, M., Ba, E., Kevin Baird, J. et al. Towards harmonization of microscopy methods for malaria clinical research studies. Malar J 19, 324 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03352-z • Global Malaria Programme. https://www.who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/case-management/diagnosis/microscopy • Machado et al, (2016) Whole-Cell SYBR Green I Assay for Antimalarial Activity Assessment. Ann Clin Med Microbio 2(1): 1010. • Johnson, et al, 2007; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01607-06. • Ariey et al, 2014; DOI: 10.1038/nature12876 • Witkowski et al, 2017; DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30415-7 Leang et al, 2015; DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00835-15. • WHO Global database on antimalarial drug efficacy and resistance ( https://www.who.int/malaria/areas/drug_resistance/drug_efficacy_database/en/ ; Last update: 24 January 2020). • WHO Drug resistance and response ( https://www.who.int/malaria/areas/drug_resistance/en/ ). • SOP - Ring-stage Survival Assays (RSA) to evaluate the in-vitro and ex-vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to artemisinins ( https://www.wwarn.org/sites/default/files/attachments/procedures/INV10-Standard-Operating-Procedure-Ring-Stage-Survival-Assays-v1.2.pdf ). • SOP - Piperaquine Survival Assays (PSA) to evaluate the in-vitro and ex-vivo susceptibility of Plasmodium falciparum to piperaquine (https://www.wwarn.org/tools-resources/procedures/piperaquine-survival-assays-psa-evaluate-vitro-and-ex-vivo-susceptibility ). • SOP - Quantitative PCR to assess P. falciparum plasmepsin 2 gene copy number v1.0 ( http://samara.needsolutions.fr/documents/site/sop_pfplasmepsin_v1_may2016_1_.pdf ). SOP - PCR-Sequencing for genotyping candidate P. falciparum artemisinin resistance SNPs PF3D7_1343700 Kelch protein propeller domain v1.0 ( http://samara.needsolutions.fr/documents/site/sop_sequencing_kelch_protein_propeller_v1_2013.pdf ). • Cirimotich CM, Dong Y, Garver LS, Sim S, Dimopoulos G 2010. Mosquito immune defenses against Plasmodium infection. Developmental and comparative immunology, 34: 387-95. • Sangare I, Dabire R, Yameogo B, Da DF, Michalakis Y, Cohuet A 2014. Stress dependent infection cost of the human malaria agent Plasmodium falciparum on its natural vector Anopheles coluzzii. Infection, genetics and evolution pii: S1567-1348(14)00128-2. • Yassine H, Osta MA 2010. Anopheles gambiae innate immunity. Cellular microbiology, 12: 1-9. • Lamb TJ, Brown DE, Potocnik AJ, Langhorne J. (2006). Insights into the immunopathogenesis of malaria using mouse models. Expert Rev Mol Med. 8:1-22. • Longley R, Smith C, Fortin A, Berghout J, McMorran B, Burgio G, Foote S, Gros P. (2011). Host resistance to malaria: using mouse models to explore the host response. Mamm Genome. 22:32-42. • Ayi K, Min-Oo G, Serghides L, Crockett M, Kirby-Allen M, Quirt I, Gros P, Kain KC 2008. Pyruvate kinase deficiency and malaria. The New England Journal of Medicine, 358: 1805-1810. • Duffy PE, Fried M 2006. Red blood cells that do and red blood cells that dont: how to resist a persistent parasite. Trends in Parasitology, 22: 99-101. • Lelliott PM, Huang HM, Dixon MW, Namvar A, Blanch AJ, Rajagopal V, Tilley L, Coban C, McMorran BJ, Foote SJ, Burgio G 2017. Erythrocyte ß spectrin can be genetically targeted to protect mice from malaria. Blood Advances, 1: 2624-2636. • Luzzatto L, Bienzle U 1979. The malaria/G6PD hypothesis. The Lancet, 1: 11831184. • Machado P, Manco L, Gomes C, Mendes C, Fernandes N, Salomé G, Sitoe L, Chibute S, Langa J, Ribeiro L, Miranda J, Cano J, Pinto J, Amorim A, do Rosário VE, Arez AP 2012. Pyruvate kinase deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa: identification of a highly frequent missense mutation (G829A;Glu277Lys) and association with malaria. PLoS ONE, 7: e47071. • Alonso P. et al. (2011). A Research agenda to underpin malaria eradication. PLoS Medicine, 8: e1000406. • Beales P.F. and Gilles H.M (2002). Rationale and technique of malaria control. In: Essential Malariology. Warrel D.A. and Gilles H.M. (Eds.), 4th Ed. Edward Arnold, Kent: 107-190. • Mendis K et al. 2009. From malaria control to eradication: The WHO perspective. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 14: 802-809. • Nájera J.A. et al. (2011). Some lessons for the future from the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (1955-1969). PLoS Medicine 8: e1000412. • RBM (2008). Global malaria Action Plan. For a malaria-free world. Roll Back Malaria Partnership. 271pp. • WHO (1998). Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors, bio-efficacy and persistence of insecticides on treated surfaces. WHO/CDS/CPC/MAL/98.12. WHO (2015). • Global technical strategy for malaria 2016-2030. Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva. 29pp • WHO (2016). Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes (2nd Edition). Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva. 48pp. • WHO (2015). World malaria report, 2015. Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva. 243pp.
Método de ensino
Ensino direto pelo método expositivo (aulas teóricas) e ensino indireto por: aprendizagem por descoberta guiada e resolvendo problemas em ambiente de simulação e laboratório (teórico-práticas).
Método de avaliação
A classificação final do curso: prova escrita.
Conteúdo
I. Controlo vs. erradicação. Ferramentas de controlo: parasita, vetor, educação comunitária. Obstáculos à sustentabilidade.
II. Sistemática do género
Cursos
Cursos onde a unidade curricular é leccionada: